Text / Tianjin Tongwei Feed Co., Ltd. Dr. Wei According to the exclusive report of the Chinese Aquatic Channel, the growth of fish and shrimp mainly synthesizes the protein in the body by decomposing the protein of the feed, and the energy required for the movement and material synthesis of the organism is mainly provided by the feed energy substance and a part of the protein. The use of protein in feed for fish is to use the right amount of amino acids in the feed. The closer the amino acid composition and the demand for amino acids in the feed, the higher the efficiency of the fish using the feed amino acid, and the better the growth of the fish. To explore the rational composition of feed amino acids, that is, the amino acid balance is very important for feed preparation and raw material selection. Essential amino acid composition of different protein feed ingredients The amino acid composition of feed is most closely related to protein raw materials. The most commonly used protein raw materials are fishmeal, soybean meal, cotton aphid, rapeseed meal, peanut meal, DDGS, corn protein powder, soybean protein concentrate, shrimp shell powder, silkworm cocoon, etc. When the fish feed is prepared, the proper ratio of these protein feed ingredients can achieve a proper balance of the amino acid composition of the feed and the best cost performance of the feed, which is ultimately beneficial to the growth of the fish body. The amino acid of the fish is divided into essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids. The essential amino acids are amino acids that cannot be synthesized or synthesized by the fish itself. When preparing the feed, the essential amino acid composition is the most important amino acid affecting the growth of the fish. The main basis for the amino acid balance of feed. The essential amino acid composition of the main protein material of fish feed is shown in the following table (Table 1). Table 1 Essential amino acid composition of main protein feeds The digestibility of amino acids and the composition of non-essential amino acids are not considered in this table. It can be seen from the above table that the essential amino acid composition of different protein raw materials is quite different, the essential amino acid composition of fish meal is the most balanced, and the proportion of essential amino acid content is high. In the vegetable protein source, the amino acid composition of soybean meal is relatively balanced, and the sulfur content of peanut meal is balanced. The amino acid content is lower, the arginine content is higher; the sulphur-containing amino acid of rapeseed meal is better; the arginine content of cotton aphid is higher; the lysine content of blood meal or blood globulin is higher; the sulphur-containing amino acid content of zein Higher. Through the reasonable combination of the above raw materials, a better balance of amino acids can be sought to achieve the optimal growth of fish. Composition of different fish muscle amino acids The optimal balance of feed amino acids was discussed. The fish muscle amino acid composition model was used as the reference object to compare the similarity of different feed ingredients or feed to the essential amino acids of fish and shrimp muscles. Different Fishes different amino acid composition, the demand for feed amino acids, there are also differences in the muscle amino acid common fish species farmed Chinese composition (Table 2): Table 2 Comparison of amino acid composition of muscles of several different cultured fish (%) It can be seen from Table 2 that the content of essential amino acids in different fish and shrimp species is different. The essential amino acid index can be used to evaluate the difference in essential amino acids of different fish and shrimps, so as to evaluate the demand for essential amino acids in fish and shrimp. The effect of feed amino acid balance on the growth of fish and shrimp Fish and shrimp use feed protein, which mainly uses the amino acid of feed to synthesize its own amino acid. Therefore, the feed amino acid has a close relationship with the fish's own amino acid composition. The more balanced the feed digestible amino acid composition and the fish body amino acid composition, the utilization of feed amino acid. The higher the rate, the more favorable the growth of the fish body. The excess unbalanced amino acids are used for energy metabolism or exclusion, resulting in waste of amino acids in the feed, while the lack of essential amino acids reduces the utilization efficiency of other amino acids, that is, amino acids. Bucket effect. Many aquatic nutrition researchers have conducted different experimental studies on the effects of feed amino acid balance on fish growth, confirming that the balance of feed amino acids has a significant impact on fish growth. In 1988, the Japanese aquaculture feed scientist Murai Takeo used casein and gelatin as protein sources to prepare a 31.7% protein feed with a protein weight of 2.1g. The digestibility of casein and gelatin was close to 100. %, the results showed that when the ratio of casein to gelatin was 30:5, the growth rate of carp was the fastest. When arginine content was insufficient and other amino acids were sufficient, the growth performance of carp was poor, while 5% gelatin improved. The current situation of insufficient arginine in feed significantly promoted the growth of fish; excessive arginine content (casein and gelatin ratio was 10:25 or 5:30), while other amino acids were insufficient, fish body performance was worse. Moreover, it is easy to infect bacterial diseases, thus confirming the importance of the balance of amino acids on the growth of fish. In 1999, Ye Yuantu used a reasonable ratio of various feed ingredients in grass carp feed or added crystal amino acid in the feed to make the amino acid composition of the feed more balanced. The results showed that the weight gain rate of grass carp added with crystalline amino acid group was not corresponding. The weight gain rate of grass carp was 2.384 times, and the weight gain rate of grass carp was higher in the amino acid balance group, which indicated that the feed amino acid balance was indeed beneficial to fish growth, and it also proved that the crystal amino acid was added to the feed. Conducive to the growth of fish and shrimp. In order to better achieve the amino acid balance of feed, most fish and shrimp nutrition workers supplement crystal amino acids in the feed, which proves to be beneficial to the growth of fish and shrimp. In 2002, Liu Yongjian supplemented the membrane lysine in grass carp feed, which significantly promoted the growth of grass carp, but the effect of supplementing crystalline amino acids was not obvious. The supplement of linolenic acid in shrimp feed had no significant effect on the growth of Penaeus vannamei. However, the supplemental envelope lysine has obvious growth-promoting effects (Zhu Xuan et al., 2008); Chen Bing Ai et al. (2008) set high and low fishmeal group cultured carp, low fishmeal group supplemented with crystalline amino acids and coated amino acids, and found that supplemental envelope After amino acid, the breeding effect was not significantly different from that of the high fishmeal group, but the growth of the low fishmeal group and the supplemental crystal amino acid group was significantly lower than that of the other two groups, indicating that the supplementation of amino acids in the feed can use the balanced effect of the feed amino acid and promote the fish. Shrimp uses the amino acid of feed, but because the loss rate of crystalline amino acid in water is very high, and it is quickly excreted after entering the fish and shrimp body, the growth effect of supplementing crystal amino acid is not obvious, but the actual balance of amino acid is not achieved. effect. Therefore, when considering the amino acid balance of feed, the digestibility of amino acids and the actual utilization efficiency are an important factor. Only when the amino acid actually used in fish is more balanced, the growth effect will be better. How to evaluate the balance of feed amino acids 4.1 Essential amino acid ratio method The essential amino acid index method is a relatively simple and convenient evaluation method. The most direct method is to use the total number of essential amino acids of the ideal protein source as the denominator (∑A1-n=A1+A2+...+An), and the single essential amino acid is the molecule ( An), the obtained data is the fraction of a single essential amino acid (ie, Yn=An/∑A1-n). For the same reason, the score of the corresponding essential amino acid of the protein source to be compared can be obtained, and the two can be compared. The difference between the protein source or the feed and the ideal protein source to be compared, if close, indicates that the amino acid balance of the protein source to be compared is better, and if the difference is large, the amino acid balance is poor. 4.2 Essential Amino Acid Index Method The main principle of the essential amino acid index method is to calculate the EAAI value using the calculation formula of Penaflorida (1989): Where aan is the essential amino acid ratio (A/E) of an essential amino acid in the feed material (refers to the percentage of essential amino acids in the total amount of essential amino acids); AAn is the A/ of the essential amino acid in the reference protein. E, n is the essential amino acid number. Oser (1959) proposed that the standard for assessing the amino acid balance of feed ingredients or feeds using EAAI is that when the EAAI value is greater than 0.90, it indicates a good balance and is a good source of protein; when the EAAI value is between 0.7 and 0.9, The protein source is generally balanced; when the EAAI value is less than 0.7, it indicates that the amino acid balance of the protein source or feed is poor, and the growth of the fish and shrimp animal is affected. 4.3 Gray Correlation Analysis Method The gray correlation analysis method steps are: determining a dependent variable factor and multiple independent variable factors, and setting the dependent variable data to form the reference sequence X'0, and the respective variable data constitutes the comparison sequence X'i (i=1, 2,... n) In order to ensure the reliability of the analysis results, the variable sequence needs to be dimensionless. The commonly used non-dimensionalization methods include the mean value method and the initial value method. Then, the absolute difference between the reference sequence and the remaining columns (comparison sequences) is formed into the following absolute difference sequence, and the maximum and minimum numbers in the absolute difference series are the maximum difference and the minimum difference. Set a resolution coefficient (0.1<l<0.5) to convert the correlation coefficient of the data in the absolute difference series so that the series of data is between 0-1, and then average the correlation between the dependent variable Xi and the independent variable X0. Degree, the greater the degree of correlation, the more consistent the situation of the comparison sequence and the reference sequence change, the better the amino acid balance, the more favorable the utilization of feed ingredients or feed amino acids by fish and shrimp. In addition, there are indicators such as amino acid ratio coefficient method, amino acid balance degree, and amino acid imbalance. Researchers use these evaluation indicators to judge the nutritional value of protein sources and the utilization efficiency in animals. These evaluation methods also confirm the protein source. The importance of amino acid balance for the use of protein sources in animals. Protein source balance in feed formulation 5.1 Use amino acid balance to judge whether the amino acid composition of feed is reasonable. When a group of feeds is prepared, by analyzing the amino acid composition of the feed and comparing with the amino acids of the fish and shrimp muscles, it is determined whether the composition of the feed amino acid is reasonable, whether it is beneficial to the growth of the fish and shrimp, and when there is a certain amino acid, there may be Targeted supplementation to achieve the best amino acid balance, is also conducive to the most effective use of feed amino acids to synthesize their own protein, thereby promoting the growth of fish and shrimp. 5.2 Use the amino acid balance degree to make a reasonable mix of feed ingredients. Through the calculation of the amino acid balance of the feed ingredients, the excess and deficiency of different essential amino acids of different feed ingredients are determined, so that the feed can be properly matched during the preparation of the feed, so that the amino acid balance of the feed is optimal, and ultimately beneficial to the fish and shrimp. Optimal growth.
Corn Husk is a by-product of corn deep processing enterprises. The corn granules are immersed and then enter the starch production process, and then processed by washing, squeezing, drying and the like. Its main components are fiber, starch, protein and the like. The Corn Skin separated by soaking and crushing corn.
Corn Skin has the protein 10%-12% ,12%-14% protein.
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