Trace element nutrition is the most advanced research area in animal farming and formulation technology today. For many years, traditional inorganic salts have been used to provide trace element nutrition. However, with the deepening of research, traditional inorganic salts have great safety hazards in the process of production and use, and the resulting quality problems of animal products and the environment brought about by them. The problem of pollution has increasingly aroused people's concern and attention. The research and selection of new, trace element additive products that are safe, stable, efficient and environmentally friendly have become the focus of the industry. As an essential nutrient element of animals, trace elements participate in a series of physiological and biochemical reactions in the body mainly in the form of essential components of enzymes (coenzymes, prosthetic groups, etc.) or activators, and regulate the encoding of various proteins, such as Enzymes, carriers, receptors, and genes of structural components of organisms play a very important role, affecting the metabolism and growth of animals, and applying them according to their physiological functions to meet the animal's basis for trace elements. Nutritional needs, and can effectively improve the animal's production performance, necessary for the physiological mechanisms of animal reproduction, immunity, growth and development. At present, there are many trace elements frequently used in animal breeding at home and abroad. Common trace elements are copper, iron, zinc, manganese, selenium, iodine, diamond, potassium, sodium and aluminum. Despite the small amount of use, the problems caused by the quality of animal products and the environmental pollution caused by it have become more and more serious, which has attracted more and more attention and attention. Although traditional inorganic salt products have a long history of use, quality and safety accidents caused during production and use have also occurred from time to time. 1 Safety hazards in the presence of commonly used trace elements 1.1 Zinc source Zinc can promote animal growth, affect bone development, enhance animal immune function, improve fur appearance, affect animal taste and appetite, and is called "life element". The zinc source products commonly used in the market mainly include zinc sulfate, zinc oxide, zinc protein salt, basic zinc chloride, amino acid chelated zinc, etc., and they mainly have the following safety problems. 1. 1. 1 Heavy metal, high impurity content affects the use of products In nature, zinc, lead, cadmium, and copper are symbiotic ores, and cadmium and zinc are also members of the same family. Cadmium is often found in zinc sources. Zinc sulphate is mostly made of zinc oxide as the raw material (the main components are zinc, iron, copper, lead and cadmium and trace amounts of arsenic), and copper cadmium slag (the main components are zinc, copper and cadmium). If the impurity is incomplete or the quality of the industrial sulfuric acid used is uneven, the cadmium and lead content in the product will be greatly exceeded, and the cadmium content variation range is the largest. Excess cadmium contaminates the feed product with zinc source, and cadmium poisoning occurs after the animal feeds, which reduces the feed intake and reduces the production performance. Affected by the production process, the feed grade zinc oxide impurity content is mostly 2-8%, the main impurity is iron oxide, which leads to inconsistent color appearance of the product. At the same time, the lead and cadmium often exceed the standard, and the lead content can be as high as 100 mg/kg or more. Cadmium up to 6% is extremely detrimental to animal health and growth; some even use industrial grade zinc oxide, especially zinc oxide produced by direct method instead of feed grade zinc oxide, causing serious heavy metal content. Zinc content is also unstable, and the relative biological potency varies greatly, ranging from 35% to 70%. In recent years, the test results of the National Feed Quality Supervision and Inspection Center (Wuhan) also showed that the cadmium content in the zinc sulfate sample exceeded 10.3%, and the cadmium content in the zinc oxide sample exceeded 15.1%, and the highest content was 2.92%. The lead content exceeds the standard of 1.7%, and the total arsenic content exceeds the standard of 0.9%. If such a zinc source is used, not only the cadmium content in the feed will exceed the standard, but the product quality will not meet the feed hygiene standards; and the animal will cause it to eat after eating. Decreased quantity and reduced production performance will mainly damage the renal tubules, cause osteoporosis and severe anemia, damage the reproductive system, and interfere with the absorption and metabolism of zinc, copper and iron in the body. 1.1.2 oxidant residue, affecting the quality of feed products, stable In the production process of zinc sulfate, oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide or bleaching powder are often used to remove impurities such as iron and cadmium. If the treatment is not good, there will be an oxidant residue, which is mixed into the premix and vitamin (choline). , VC, VA, VE), ferrous iron, grease chemical reaction, and the appearance color of the premix becomes red due to the oxidation of ferrous ions into ferric iron. 1.1.3 Zinc protein salt pollution problem The raw materials for producing zinc protein salts are mostly animal protein products or vegetable protein raw materials such as animal hair or leather scraps. These raw materials are easily contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms, cadmium, melamine, non-protein nitrogen, etc. In addition, phytic acid and non-starch polysaccharides in plant proteins are easily combined with zinc, and such zinc is generally not used by animals. Seriously affected the relative biological potency of zinc. In addition, a mixture of protein powder and inorganic trace elements is also used in the market as an organic chelate product for sale. 1.1.4 Ways to solve the problem At present, many companies strictly control the quality of raw materials, while the small materials such as zinc sulfate and zinc oxide are difficult to control because of the lack of testing equipment. Due to the unevenness of such raw material suppliers, harmful substances such as cadmium and lead in zinc sources are more common. If they are accidentally purchased, the harmful substances in the products will exceed the standard, which will affect the stability of product quality. For example, in Guangxi, there is a pig farm with an annual output of 60,000 pigs. Because of the use of cadmium and lead-excess micro-element additives, a large range of pig carcass muscle whitening occurs, causing serious economic losses. In addition, due to the problem of zinc sulphate production process, the residual free chloride ion content in the product is high, which leads to easy moisture absorption and agglomeration of the product, shortening the product shelf life and adversely affecting feed production. In view of the problems in the production and use of traditional inorganic salt products, new zinc source products such as basic zinc chloride, zinc glycinate, zinc methioninate, zinc hydroxymethionine and zinc lysine have emerged. Basic zinc chloride is produced by special process synthesis. In the production process, traditional oxidants (such as potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, etc.) are not used for impurity removal. The produced products have no oxidant residue. It effectively avoids the discoloration phenomenon added to the multi-mine premix feed; in addition, the product is a neutral salt, has a stable structure, is not easily destroyed in the digestive tract of the animal, can effectively reach the duodenum, and is effectively absorbed and utilized by the animal. . Because of its good stability, it is not easy to dissolve in alkaline solution, only dissolves part of it in acidic stomach, more of it enters the intestinal tract in molecular state, and it can converge on intestinal epithelium because of its convergence and adsorption. The cells reduce the permeability of the intestinal mucosa, reduce the exudation of intestinal fluid, increase the dryness of the feces, prolong the retention of feces in the intestine, and prevent diarrhea in piglets. As a new type of zinc source, it has the function of promoting growth and not causing the growth inhibition of pigs and affecting the appearance of fur, especially the improvement of feed conversion rate can reach 3%-5%, and even higher, production efficiency And the economic benefits are obvious. Zinc glycinate, zinc methionine, zinc hydroxymethionine, zinc lysine and the like have a relatively stable chemical structure, can prevent the combination of zinc and feed phytic acid, phosphate ions, etc., and prevent the adsorption of insoluble colloids in the digestive tract of animals. It can also effectively resist the formation of insoluble inorganic salts with other ions, alleviate the antagonistic competition between minerals; reduce the destruction of vitamins by metal ion redox reaction in vitro, thereby reducing the loss of nutrients and increasing its absorption. The degree of utilization; can improve the storage stability of vitamins in the composite premix, and significantly reduce the rate of vitamin loss in the premix. 1.2 Copper source Copper is one of the important trace elements required by animal organisms. It plays an important role in the body's hematopoiesis, growth and reproduction, and enhances the body's resistance. At present, the copper sources used by feed enterprises are mainly copper sulfate, basic copper chloride, and amino acid chelated copper. 1.2.1 Poor stability of copper sulfate Copper sulfate is a highly water-soluble acidic compound that is easily decomposed by moisture absorption, causes agglomeration, is difficult to add and use, and causes severe corrosion damage to processing equipment. 1.2.2 Copper sulphate has an oxidative effect, which shortens the shelf life of the product. After the moisture absorption of copper sulfate, the feed is easy to agglomerate, followed by decomposition of copper cations and sulfate ions after the moisture absorption, thereby providing a "hot spot" for electricity transfer, accelerating the oxidation and destruction of nutrients in the feed, such as vitamins. The destruction and rancidity of oil also reduce the biological potency of copper; in ruminants, it is easy to form copper molybdate complex in the rumen, affecting the absorption and utilization of copper. 1.2.3 The use of high-dose copper sulfate is very likely to cause environmental pollution High-dose copper sulfate can be used to promote growth and bacteriostasis. Except for the absorption part of the animal, most of the copper is excreted from the body, which has a great destructive effect on the environment, polluting the soil and water source, and another part of the copper is deposited in the liver of the animal. It is easy to cause copper deposition and poisoning after human consumption. Therefore, the Ministry of Agriculture Announcement No. 1224 “Safety Guidelines for Feed Additives†specifies the maximum amount of copper in compound feed or fully mixed rations. 1.2.4 The use of high-dose copper sulphate is easy to cause the occurrence of Recently, reports of scutellaria meat have occurred. The main reason is the use of high copper and improper selection of copper sources. A large amount of VE is destroyed by highly oxidized copper sulphate, and the free copper ions produced in the feed are easy to make oil special. It is an oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, which is spoiled and rancid. 1.2.5 Ways to solve the problem The effect of low content of copper sulfate on increasing daily gain, feed intake and feed efficiency is not obvious. The use of basic copper chloride and amino acid copper can effectively improve daily gain, feed intake and feed compensation under the same conditions. Amino acid chelating copper is formed by combining specific amino acids with copper in a ratio of 1:1 or 2:1. The experiment shows that the amino acid chelating copper has a relatively stable chemical structure. The use of amino acid chelating copper can effectively increase the copper content in livestock and poultry tissues, participate in the formation and activation of various enzymes, and enhance the immunity and anti-stress of animal organisms. The ability can be quickly absorbed by the intestines, reducing the antagonism of trace elements, promoting animal growth and improving feed compensation. However, due to the high requirements for the production of raw materials and processes, the production cost is also high, so it is only suitable for use in some high-grade materials. The basic copper chloride product is chemically similar to an amino acid neutral compound and has chemical properties such as amphoteric free isoelectric point and similar compatibility. The basic salt is insoluble in water but is easily dissolved in the gastrointestinal tract of the animal rather than dissociated. It exists in the form of a large number of coordination compound molecular groups in the gastrointestinal environment, and has no competitive inhibition on other trace elements. In the intestinal tract, it stimulates small intestinal villus epithelial cells in the form of molecular clusters, stimulates the production of hormones, plays a pharmacological action similar to antibiotic function, can improve animal performance and has high conversion rate; and because of low water solubility, it will not be decomposed. Copper ions promote the oxidation of nutrients in the feed, the lipid oxidation is extremely small, and the damage to feed nutrients is much lower than that of copper sulfate. Therefore, the utilization rate of basic copper chloride in food and feed is high. Improves the stability of vitamins, fatty acids and oils in the feed. 1 .3 iron source Iron is one of the essential trace elements in animals. It is a component of most metabolic enzymes in animal organisms. It is also an important component of proteins such as hemoglobin, myoglobin and lactoferrin. In addition, iron participates in the energy metabolism process of animal cells as a component of cytochromes. The iron source in the feed is mainly ferrous sulfate, amino acid iron, and ferrous fumarate. Due to the instability of ferrous ions, in the feed, ferrous iron is easily oxidized to ferric iron and loses its nutritional function. The absorption rate of ferrous sulfate is only 3%-10%. In order to achieve the desired feeding effect, an excessive amount of ferrous sulfate is usually added. However, excessive ferrous sulfate affects the digestion and absorption of other trace elements and oxidizes and destroys vitamins; Oxalic acid, phytic acid and phosphate combine with inorganic iron to form an insoluble iron salt, which hinders the absorption and utilization of iron and causes iron deficiency anemia in animals. From the point of view of production process, the raw material for producing ferrous sulfate is basically a by-product of the production of Titanium dioxide. The products produced by the general processing enterprises are easy to agglomerate into agglomerates with high impurity content, and are easily left in the form of titanyl sulfate. Titanium compound, which has strong oxidizing property, redder color, more Fe3+ residue, and oxidative damage to other nutrients, thus affecting the quality of feed products. Moreover, the current standard does not have a limit of titanium, and the production enterprises have no control over it, and the quality supervision department cannot supervise the inspection. Amino acid chelating iron as iron supplement, mainly ferrous ferrous ferrous carbonate, iron methionine iron, methionine iron, etc., can fully meet the nutritional requirements of livestock and poultry for iron; direct absorption through the amino acid pathway, high utilization rate; The production of enzymes is activated to enhance the body's immune function; the product is chemically stable, does not react with other feed ingredients, and has no antagonistic effect on other nutrients and antibiotics. 1 .4 manganese source The manganese source for feed is mainly manganese sulfate, amino acid manganese, and the like. Manganese is a less toxic trace element and is essential for the growth and synthesis of bone tissue in animals. Manganese is involved in bone formation, body metabolism, and the synthesis of sex hormones and certain enzymes, directly affecting the reproductive performance of animals. In addition, manganese also acts on the central nervous system and the immune system. Manganese also has the function of promoting growth and improving immunity in animals, and is an important component of various enzymes. Participation in a variety of metabolism, such as body fat, protein, can promote animal growth, enhance animal reproductive performance, and have fewer side effects on animals. However, the excessive cadmium content in manganese sulfate should be paid attention to by manufacturers and enterprises. Since the current standard does not have a limit of cadmium, the production enterprises have no control over this, and the quality supervision department has not been able to rely on it for supervision. The EU Directive (DIRECTIVE 2002/32/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OFTHE COUNCIL) has a limit of ≤30 mg/kg for manganese sulfate monohydrate. In recent years, nearly 20% of the samples of manganese sulfate detected by the National Feed Quality Supervision and Inspection Center (Wuhan) exceeded this limit, reaching a maximum of 70 mg/kg. Huang Yude et al. used amino acid hydrazine to feed the breeder. The results showed that the laying rate, eggshell quality, fertilization rate, hatching rate and health rate of the breeder were better than those of the control group and the inorganic manganese salt group. . Henry et al. chicken experiments showed that the average bioavailability of Mn0 and methionine manganese relative to MnSO4 (100%) was 90% and 120%, respectively. Spears et al reported that yak and hybrid fattening cattle fed methionine zinc and manganese methionine significantly increased the growth rate of yak and cow fertilization rate, and enhanced immunity. Uchida et al studied the effects of the combination of amino acid manganese, amino acid zinc and amino acid copper on the performance and reproductive function of Holstein cows. The results showed that the fertilization rate of Holstein cows was significantly higher than that of the control group after feeding the compound. Premature pregnancy during lactation without affecting milk production, milk fat and protein levels, and health. 2 The main toxic and harmful substances in trace elements It is generally believed that the toxic and harmful substances in trace elements mainly include lead (Pb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), fluorine (F), chromium (Cr), aluminum (Al), antimony (Sb), Dioxins, etc., listed in current feed hygiene standards are lead (Pb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), fluorine (F), chromium (Cr), of which lead (Pb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), dioxins have received much attention. 2.1 lead Lead is one of the heavy metal elements that are toxic and harmful to animals and can accumulate in animals. Its toxic effects are mainly caused by damage to the nervous system, hematopoietic organs, kidneys, and immune system, which reduces the body's immune function; lead can also cause animal aberrations, mutations and cancer. In general, the lead content in plant feeds is low, in the range of 0.2-3.0 mg / kg, does not exceed the allowable amount specified in the national feed hygiene standards. However, the lead content of plant feed varies widely, which is related to the level of lead in the soil and industrial pollution. Feed plants grown on lead-rich soils have higher levels of lead. Industrial pollution is an important cause of the increase in lead content in vegetable feeds. For example, the lead content in normal forage is 3.0-7.0 mg/kg, and the lead content in the pasture near the smelter can be as high as 325 mg/kg. The lead content of mineral feed such as stone powder and phosphate varies greatly depending on the place of production. Mineral feed in some areas contains lead impurities, resulting in higher lead content. Lead is mainly deposited in bones in animals, so bone meal, meat and bone meal and fishmeal with more fish bones have higher lead content. According to the National Feed Quality Supervision and Inspection Center (Wuhan), the lead content in bone powder is up to 18.54 mg/kg. Fishmeal from marine waters with severe industrial pollution has a higher lead content. 2.2 arsenic Arsenic is a poison that damages the whole body tissues of the body. Arsenic combines with the sulfhydryl groups of enzymes in animal tissues to inactivate them and produce toxicity, especially in the digestive tract, liver, kidney, spleen, lung, skin and nerve tissue. . The toxicity of arsenic is related to its valence state, and the toxicity of trivalent arsenic is greater than that of pentavalent arsenic. Generally, the arsenic in the Bairan boundary is mostly pentavalent, and the environmentally contaminated arsenic is mostly a trivalent inorganic compound. The elemental arsenic is insoluble in water and its toxicity is low; most of the arsenic oxides are highly toxic; inorganic arsenic is more toxic than organic arsenic. Arsenic can accumulate in the epidermal tissue, hair, hoof and bone tissue of the body for a long time, and is discharged slowly from the body. Arsenic can also cause cancer, distortion and mutation in animals. In general, the arsenic content in plant feed is very low, below 1.0 mg/kg. However, the arsenic content in plant feed is mainly affected by soil arsenic content, pesticide pollution and industrial pollution. Feed plants grown in arsenic-contaminated soils absorb and accumulate large amounts of arsenic. Aquatic organisms, especially marine organisms, have a strong enrichment ability for arsenic, and the enrichment factor of some organisms can be as high as 3,300 times. The average fish contains arsenic in the range of 1.0-2.0 mg/kg. Mineral element additives usually contain a certain amount of inorganic arsenic, which is the main source of inorganic arsenic in animal compound feeds and other products. It is important to note that the amount of additives used in organic arsenic preparations is increasing, and the residues of arsenic in animal products are also increasing, leading to the accumulation of arsenic in edible tissues. In many countries, the application of arsenic preparations has been strictly restricted or banned in recent years. In China, the use of p-aminophenyl arsenic acid and other organic arsenic preparations in the feed before the pre-slaughter period is 5 days. However, some livestock and poultry in China have not complied with the prescriptions before the slaughter. Livestock and poultry excrement discharges various arsenic compounds around the livestock farm for many years, and the consequences are even more worrying. 2.3 Cadmium Cadmium has an accumulation in the human body. Its half-life is up to 13 years, mainly stored in the liver and kidney L}l, which has obvious toxic effects on animal growth. After being absorbed by animals, cadmium is mainly stored in the liver, kidney and bone in combination with metallothionein, and the cadmium excretion in the body is very slow. Long-term intake of low concentrations of cadmium or cadmium-contaminated forage and drinking water can cause chronic cadmium. Poisoning; at the same time, cadmium can remain and enrich in animal products and endanger human health through the food chain. Usually, the cadmium content in plants is very low, up to 1 mg/kg, and the average cadmium content in corn and corn by-products is 0.06 mg/kg, and the maximum value is 0.5 mg/kg. Unlike plant-based feed, aquatic organisms have a strong enrichment ability for cadmium. For example, algae can enrich 11-20 times of cadmium, and fish can enrich 1000-100,000 times of cadmium. Generally, the content of cadmium in fishmeal is higher than that of plant-based feed. The average cadmium content of fishmeal can reach 1.2mg/kg, while the cadmium content of fishmeal in polluted sea can be as high as 25mg/kg. China's feed hygiene standards (GB 13078-2001) require that the content of cadmium in feedstock fishmeal should not exceed 2mg/kg. Since cadmium exists mainly in the form of sulphur-cadmium ore in nature and often coexists with minerals such as zinc, lead, copper, manganese, etc., there is a large amount of cadmium polluting environment in the scouring process of these metals. The content of cadmium in feed grade mineral element additive raw materials such as zinc sulfate and manganese sulfate is often higher. Moreover, due to the lack of standards for cadmium in standards, it has not yet attracted the attention of enterprises and relevant management departments. Zhao Zhe of Nantong City Center for Disease Control and Prevention analyzed the monitoring data of Nantong City from 2003 to 2006. In 2003-2006, Nantong City tested 100 samples of pig kidney samples and 65 qualified samples, with a pass rate of 65%. The main reason for the analysis may be that the pigs consumed the feed with excessive cadmium content. 2. 4 Dioxin Dioxin is one of the most serious chemicals that has been discovered to date, and its toxicity is more than 1 million times that of arsenic. Because dioxin has reproductive toxicity, immunotoxicity and endocrine toxicity, it can never be decomposed in human body. Exclusion, on the contrary, will accumulate more and more, so it is called "unable to overcome the poison". For animals and humans, it is easy to cause cancer, reproductive genetic aberrations, nervous system problems, and will destroy the immune system and make human hormone secretion. disorder. The main sources of pollution include intermediates in the production process of chlorine-containing pesticides and herbicides, and vinyl chloride plastic products. Dioxin ash is produced during waste incineration and scrap metal smelting. These ash and harmful gases pollute the feed through various channels and enter the food chain. Because dioxin is extremely toxic, it accumulates in animal fat, and human consumption of animal products with dioxin is one of the important causes of human carcinogenesis. Dioxin residues in the feed indicate contamination or poor quality of the raw materials. For dioxin and PCB residues, the EU has strict standards. In recent years, China's feed additive products exported to the EU have been notified and returned for many times because of their excessive content. These products mainly involve animal feed such as zinc oxide, copper sulfate, copper oxide, fish gills and shrimp shells. heavy. 3 Limitation and control measures for toxic and harmful elements in the feed. In order to ensure that the content of toxic and harmful elements in the compound feed, concentrated feed and additive premix feed meets the requirements of the feed hygiene standards, the following aspects must be effectively carried out. (1) Trace element production enterprises should strengthen the quality control of their products, strengthen process improvement, and improve the technical content of products, thereby reducing the residues of toxic and hazardous substances in products. (2) Feed enterprises should strengthen their understanding of trace elements, strengthen their awareness of prevention and control, formulate strict raw material procurement standards and effective testing methods, in addition to the elemental content, strictly control toxic and harmful elements to prevent Inferior quality trace element products enter the feed enterprise. (3) For the raw materials entering the plant, the actual inspection shall be carried out according to the verification cycle plan, and the raw materials for each batch of the incoming materials shall be required to provide the factory inspection report. In order to ensure product quality, the factory inspection of mineral elements should include the detection of toxic and harmful elements. (4) In order to ensure that the end product meets the requirements of sanitary standards, it shall conduct self-inspection or entrusted inspection of its toxic and hazardous components on a regular basis. (5) In response to a series of problems in the production and use of traditional trace element additive products, the industry has continuously researched and introduced a number of new trace element products, including basic salts and organic trace elements, which should be actively guided. The feed enterprises use them correctly to improve the technical level of the industry, thus promoting the technological upgrading of the industry and making the products safer, more stable and more efficient.
Niobium Wire is also called Niobium line. The purity of niobium wire is 99.95%. It also has higher specifications. It can be customized according to customer's requirements.
BT Alloy Co.,Ltd. was founded in 2005 with a strong financial foundation, a sound system ofpersonnel and system management. The company is located in 205 Century Road,Dawukou Area, Shizuishan,Ningxia Province, China, and mainly produceand sale related Ta, Nb, Be and Graphite, Al products, semi-finished products. Afteryears of development, the company has two factories, which covers an area ofmore than 40000 square meters, with professional facilities and personnel.
Companiesadhering to the scientific management of modern enterprises, the production ofprecision, forge ahead, pioneering and innovative, rapid rise to the strengthenterprises in the local market. BT Alloy firmly believe that there is nomarket for the enterprise, only have enterprises that cannot find market. Thequality of the product and the company's integrity has been established as theprimary task. Over the years, BT Alloy spent lots of capital on the productdevelopment, and now has a mature technology and ability to provide highquality products for our customers.
Niobium Wire Niobium Wire,Niobium Alloy Wire,Niobium Wire Mesh,Black Niobium Wire SHIZUISHAN BT ALLOY CO.,LTD , https://www.szsbthj.com